Aboulia - how to recognise it

Have you ever felt like you are lacking motivation? Maybe you're undecided and you lose the spontaneity? Or you are inert and lose interest to do something interesting and creative, maybe this can be a current state, a result of emotional problems in life, but some people with this condition may be characterised as aboulia or lack of willpower or motivation.

What is aboulia and how to recognise it?

Aboulia is a partial or complete inability of decision making or their un-conducting.

Aboulia patients are not able to make decisions for the family, even to themselves. Loses the ability to spontaneous actions or that ability is reduced. It is passive; the emotional response is reduced and loses interest in things that are happening around him. Social interactions among these individuals is reduced it becomes visible to the environment that something is going on with these people. They are slow to react to events in their social environment or are completely uninterested in them. They do not start a conversation, are quiet or not talk at all, and the physical response is slow or non-existent.

Reasons

There have been numerous studies on whether aboulia is a separate disease or a symptom of an existing illness. It is concluded that aboulia is a consequence of already existing dement disease, ischemia, injury to brain tissue and is the most common cause of frontal lobe lesions.

Can it be treated?

Fortunately at the milder forms that are not strictly classified as aboulia, but as a form of depression, treatment is easy and includes antidepressant therapy, while at severe forms treatment approach is more complex.

If you or someone in your area has some of the above-mentioned symptoms suggest consulting a doctor.

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Orthodontic treatment, need or a trend

" A child without a smile is like a garden without flowers "

Orthodontic anomalies 

Orthodontic anomalies are very common appearance. Fundamental is knowledge that genetic factors have a predominant role here. Apart from genetic factors, as significant factors appear:

accompanying diseases, 
deficient nutrition, 
endocrine disorders, 
congenital anomalies. 

Despite the complexity of these anomalies, fortunately today there are countless methods that successfully get you a beautiful smile.

Principles of orthodontic treatment

Essentially there are three basic principles for orthodontic treatment:

1. Improve of dento-facial appearance;
2. Correcting occlusal function of teeth;
3. Elimination of occlusion that can on long-term damage the teeth.

The appearance of teeth is important

Today one of the main reasons for undertaking orthodontic treatment is to improve the appearance of teeth. It has been proven that having any orthodontic anomaly causes disturbances in psycho - social life of the individual. Numerous studies show that children are making much more fun of the teeth then of clothing or weight and height. Therefore orthodontic treatment is necessary and justified because of all the issues.

Treatment depends on various factors

Treatment of orthodontic cases is long and requires a lot of patience from the therapist and the patient. Mobile devices instead of fixed at most patients seem simpler solution because they can use them when they want. Unlike them fixed appliances can't be removed from the mouth and it need to be wear a longer period of time. Fixed appliances are worn exclusively in the permanent dentition, but today 's orthodontic shortened the limitations and stress that can be worn from 7 to 77 years of age. What treatment you choose depends on the type of anomaly, the plan of treatment and of course the desire of the patient.

Anyway orthodontics as a branch has already become one of the most popular in dentistry. With the advancement of science and new discoveries in this area almost there is no unsolvable orthodontic anomaly.

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Troxerutin in the treatment of painful syndrome, heavy legs

The term " leg pain " usually refers to pain originating somewhere between your pelvis and heels. Pain in the legs can be permanent or temporary, can develop suddenly or gradually and cover the entire foot or a localised area. Pain also can be in several forms - stabbing, sharp, dull or kind of tingling. Most leg pain is due to excessive use of your legs. Other conditions can also cause pain in the legs, such as - varicose veins.

Heavy legs syndrome - a common health problem

Heavy legs syndrome is a relatively common health problem. This syndrome seems equally affects men and women. The risk to suffer from heavy legs increases with age. Tired legs syndrome is a term that describes the general feeling of heaviness in the legs. This problem can affect any of us, regardless of our level of activity. To have heavy legs and pain is often a temporary problem. However, in some cases, the disease is recurrent and requires medical attention.

What causes the syndrome of painful legs?

The syndrome of painful legs is caused by lack of blood flow caused by standing or sitting in one position for an extended period of time, and the lack of physical fitness. Among women these severe symptoms often become more serious when women are in a cycle (luteal phase).

During long periods of inactivity, such as when you 're sitting or standing upright in the same position, your leg muscles do not crunch hard enough or often enough to make the blood back to the heart. Consequently, blood collects in the veins of the legs, preventing tissue to release it. This can cause a feeling of heaviness or pressure in your legs, making them sick and tired.

If heavy legs syndrome is not treated properly, the small valves in the leg veins will eventually cease to function properly. This can produce varicose veins,swollen ankles and eventually to deep vein thrombosis.

Other conditions besides sitting or standing too long, which can cause poor circulation in the legs and cause heavy and tired legs:

Pregnancy or obesity - causes disturbances in blood circulation in the legs;

Wearing tight clothing or having your legs crossed for too long - can restrict blood circulation in the legs;

Wearing high heels or shoes with rigid heel - can disrupt the proper functioning of the muscles of the legs as a pump;

Smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure - causing damage to the veins;

History of heavy legs in the family - suggests a genetic link;

Sports - when doing standing exercises, blood circulation in the legs is interrupted, resulting in a lack of new blood in the muscles of the leaves.

How to deal with the syndrome?

If you have heavy legs syndrome, legs constantly feel swollen, tired and sick, especially after longer use. In some cases, simply resting the legs makes this feeling go away completely. Heavy legs syndrome when last longer may require changes in lifestyle.

Foot massage can help to stimulate proper blood flow. If you have a job that requires from you to stand on your feet for hours, sit and lift your legs during breaks and when you finish working. This will help the blood to flow back through your legs. Make short breaks to walk whenever possible to promote circulation in the legs. Pregnant women should sit and raise the legs if their legs are starting to swell. If you are overweight, losing weight will improve heavy legs syndrome over time.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)

Heavy legs, too, are a symptom of a disease called chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), in which blood vessels in the legs are varicose and your feet do swell. As a result, your legs feel tired. Chronic venous insufficiency can be a temporary condition caused by pregnancy and menstruation, but very often caused by obesity, contraceptive pills and long standing for extended periods. CVI deteriorate over time if not treated. Wearing compression stockings and foot massage provides temporary relief from symptoms.

These circulatory problems occur when blood starts charging the veins, and the vein tissue is getting stretched and that is how " spider " veins are created, varicose veins and localised swelling. As time goes by, progressive damage to the small one-way valves inside the veins produces a set of painful and distressing symptoms that are characteristic of chronic venous insufficiency.

Symptoms of CVI

Edema (swelling) in the foot or ankle is often seen as the first symptom of chronic venous insufficiency ( CVI ). The symptoms experienced by people suffering from chronic venous insufficiency are:

difficulty in walking;

pain during standing;

heavy / tired legs;

burning, pain or tightness in the leaves;

night leg cramps;

restless legs, especially at night;

varicose veins;

itching, peeling skin;

change in colour or thickened skin on the feet and ankles;

in severe cases, ulcers of the lower parts of the leg or ankle ( often are slow to heal ).

Chronic venous insufficiency is a very common medical condition

Partly thanks to our way of lifestyle, greater longevity, diet and other factors, problems with veins in nowadays afflict many of the adult population in the world. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of the lower limbs is estimated to cover 10-50 % of men and 50-55 % of women, while dilated, varicose veins occur in 33 % of adult women and 20 % men. Some studies suggest that dilated veins are one of the three most common medical problems, after high blood pressure and allergies. Problems with the veins also tend to occur at an earlier age among women than among men. At the age of 50 years, about 41 % of women have developed a type of abnormal symptom of veins in legs.

CVI impact on quality of life

While unpleasant at appearance varicose veins can be a significant source of frustration and distress, chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is far more than just " look" at the issue. It hinders important part of basic activities like climbing stairs, carrying out domestic chores, and the ability to stand for long periods. As it progresses chronic venous insufficiency ulcers can occur on the legs in about 1 % of the population. They are potentially serious complication that tends to increase with age. Studies that examine the "quality of life " have noted that more than 80 % of people who suffer from leg ulcer say that the situation negatively affects on their mobility and can cause emotional feelings of anger, depression and social isolation in addition moderate to severe physical pain. As if that is not enough, the financial costs associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) are estimated at more than $ 1 billion annually in the U.S., according to a 2003 study.

Causes and risk factors for CVI

Cause of chronic venous insufficiency is damage to one-way valves located inside the veins. This damage can come from a variety of sources, including: blood clots, trauma (injury) to the vein, high venous pressure or simply progressive weakening of the wall of the vein with age. One-way valves, as we have seen, is crucial to the success of the pumping action of the veins. When these valves are not effective in preventing the back flow of blood, the result is chronic venous insufficiency.

Age increases the risk of CVI to some level, because the loss of muscle tone and elasticity of blood vessels usually accompany ageing. Other risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency are: inheritance, obesity, pregnancy and smoking. For long periods of sitting or standing can reduce blood filling and effective blood flow, chronic venous insufficiency tends to be associated with the workplace. Tight clothing can also contribute to the condition.

Troxerutin - solution for tired and painful legs

Troxerutin extract from Japanese acacia (Sophora japonica), the antioxidant class of bioflavonoids that have P - vitamin activity, acts as an anti - ulcerogen (prevents creating ulcers), hemo protector (a protective effect of blood), the iron chelator, phlebotonic (it tonifies veins) angio-protector (protects blood vessels) and antihydropic (reduces swelling).

Participate in oxide - reductive processes, stabilises hyaluronic acid of the cell wall and reduces the permeability and rigidity of capillaries, increasing their tone. It increases the density of the vascular wall, reduces the secretion of the fluid part of the plasma and release of cells from the blood. Reduces inflammation of the vascular wall, limits adhesion (hook) of platelets on its surface.

Troxerutin helps with varicose veins, superficial thrombophlebitis (inflammation of veins), venous ulcers and dermatitis, hemorrhoids, venous stasis and thrombosis. Used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency with all its manifestations, as static weight in the legs, leg ulcers, trophic lesions, varicose veins, including during pregnancy, thrombophlebitis, per phlebitis, post thrombotic syndrome, hemorrhoids, post-traumatic swelling and hematoma, hemorrhagic diathesis with increased capillary permeability, measles, scarlet fever, influenza, diabetic microangiopathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular side effects from radiation therapy, and as a precautionary measure after surgery of veins.

Troxerutin can increase the resistance of capillary blood vessels, increases the tone of the veins and decreases capillary permeability, and also improves lymphatic drainage. It has anti-inflammatory effects associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and has antioxidant activity. The result: less swelling and less pain in the legs, with noticeable results in approximately one to two weeks.

It is considered to be well tolerated in all age groups. Side effects are rarely reported. Pregnant or lactating women, of course, should seek approval from a doctor before using any dietary supplement or medication without a prescription.

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Hygiene in your bed

Nice and clean?

On average, a third of our life we spend in bed (more or less). If you're one of those who aspire to lead better and healthier live, then opt not from beauty but the cleanliness of your bed.

The next time you make toward your bed consider the following:

Body fluid

The average person overnight trough sweating tossed around 250ml of liquid. The bodily fluid remains in the bedding, mattress, pillow...

Certainly this e doubled if you sleep with a partner.

Skin Cells

The skin on every man is peeling and regenerates every 27 days. Dead skin cells are the main source of food for parasites.

Fibers

The average person loses 100 hairs from hair during the day. Good portions of them remain in bed.

Parasites

The parasites are invisible to the naked eye but that does not mean they are not present around us and in bed. In one gram of dust have 10,000 to 20,000 of these dwarf animals. It can cause itching, sneezing, irritation of the skin, some types of allergy, asthma and so on.

Microorganisms

Their most favoured place to stay is the bed and the more dirt on it the better for them. They also love the food that you left in the bed. If it has heat and moisture, then all conditions for reproduction are met.

Material of bedding

In conventional processing of a common cotton, are used 24% of all insecticides and 11% of all pesticides used in the world each year.

Chemical processing of the bedding

Besides above mentioned, conventional bedding is treated with additional chemicals for colouring. Exposure to some of them can cause harmful effects on our body, especially the skin and lungs.

Organic cotton bedding

We recommend using organic cotton bedding because it not only gives a pleasant feeling but also is best for health. It prevents the multiplication of bacteria and other parasites, while for the synthetics and other inexpensive materials we cannot say the same.

Clothes for sleeping

Pay attention to the clothes you wear for sleeping. Previously do not carry it around the home because you are collecting dust and dirt that you will take it to bed with you. Let your pyjamas stand by the bed.

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Gyrotonic - a different system of exercises

The origin of the method

Julia Horvath developed Gyrotonic Method of exercise in 1970. Founder of this methodology Horvath was a swimmer and gymnast before becoming a ballet dancer. During her ballet career Horvath had breached the Achilles tendon and the spinal cord, and was forced to stop her dance career. Horvath began to develop her own form of yoga exercises in an attempt to rehabilitate her injuries. Initially this method was called yoga for dancers that later evolved into Gyrotonic exercises.

Benefits

Gyrotonic method incorporates many key principles from yoga, dance, gymnastics and Tai chi. Gyrotonic system of physical exercises is a comprehensive approach to movement that is designed to meet the needs of people of all age groups and with varying degrees of physical abilities. Some of the benefits of these exercises are: 

Increased muscle strength and flexibility of the body, 

Renewed energy and vitality, 

General feeling of calm and well-being.

7 natural movements

Gyrotonic methodology works on the entire body through seven natural movements of the spine:

Leaning forward, 

Backward, 

Turning left and right, 

Circular motion. 

This approach allows a systematic and synchronised working of the joints and muscles through rhythmic body movements. While performing movements, be careful with the manner and frequency of breathing which stimulate the internal organs. Basic hallmark of the exercises are fluidity of movement and easiness with which an individual can perform.

Wake up the muscles

The exercises begin with simple movements of the body and spine, those are exercises that are intended to arouse the body's muscles. Then the focus is directed towards the work of the spine and pelvis. Most of the exercises are performed in a seated position on low chairs. It is mostly a series of exercises in bending, twisting, and twisting of the spine. The main feature is spiralling motion and full synchronisation of exercises.

Music and poetry of the body

The exercises have aimed to increase the durability of the body and to prepare for strenuous physical activity. This type of exercise is not only performed in a seated position, but in the supine and standing position. Those who practice Gyrotonic exercises tend to be more relaxed in their daily lives and move with increased flexibility and ease. The founder of this methodology, Julia Horvath said:

" I love music and poetry in my body, and I want to be skilled without participating in a combat, skill must come without struggle"

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Starry fruit

This fruit is from Averrhoa carambola - kind of tree with pink flowers. The tree is natively for the Sri Lanka, Philippines,  India and Indonesia.

 

Golden - yellow exterior of the carambola hides the crunchy, sweet taste, like the combination of flavours of pineapple, apple and kiwi. According the flavour that can be sweet or sour dominant; there are two types of star fruit.

Carambola despite that it has intriguing external appearance it has excellent nutritional profile. The fruit is truly healthy - rich in vitamin C and potent antioxidants from one side while the other side contains a low percentage of sugar, sodium and acid. Research has shown that antimicrobial activity and especially the following bacteria: 

Escherichia coli, 

Salmonella typhi, 

Staphylococcus aureus, 

Bacillus cereus.

An interesting fact is that in some parts of the world by the star juicy fruit it makes a delicious wine.

Good appetite :-)

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Pets improve our health

Studies have shown that animals are good for our health, both physically and mentally. They strengthen our immunity. They can also help us to set an appointment.

Pets contribute to the reduction of:

- Stress,

- Blood pressure,

- Levels of fat in the blood,

- Loneliness.

They also increase:

- Chances for exercising and other outdoor activities,

- Chances for socialisation,

- Longevity among those who have had a heart attack,

- Increasing the appetite among patients with Alzheimer's disease,

Fighters against allergy

In the past, the thinking was that if you have a pet, children are more likely to become allergic to the pet. Or if you come from a family with a history of allergies you should avoid pets.

Children who grow up in a home with pets or on a farm - may have even less risk of allergies and asthma.

Dogs are dirty animals, and today's thoughts are saying that the children are exposed to more germs, which contributes to the development of the immune system. (Of course following the rules for personal hygiene)

Magnets for meeting

Dogs are great for achieving relationships. Forget the online application partners - dogs contributes to natural start of the conversation. This especially helps people who are socially isolated or shy.

Pets for seniors

Studies have shown that if a pet is at home, patients with Alzheimer's disease are less anxious.

Their guardians feel less burdened, especially when the pet is a cat, because such a pet requires less care.

Walking the pet, or just taking care of it - for seniors who are able - can provide exercise and company.

Good for the soul and mind

People who are under stress have a good background for the occurrence of many diseases. Like any enjoyable activity, playing with a pet can increase the levels of serotonin and dopamine - nerve transmitters that are known to have pleasurable and calming properties.

Good for the heart

Patients, who have had a heart attack and kept a pet, live longer than those who do not have a pet. Male pet owners during the studies show less heart diseases and decreased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides - versus respondents who didn't have pets.

Pets are a natural remedy

Instead of consuming harmful substances to make you happier and less anxious, access to the common way to achieve this - cuddle the pet and play with him.

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Cancer of the pancreas

Introduction

About these disease is said to be "silent disease " because it's early stage does not cause symptoms. Pancreatic cancer among all cancers is represented by 2 %. The risk of developing the disease rises with age, and rarely occurs in people younger than 30 years. Cancer of the pancreas is characterised by rapid and aggressive growth, with expansion to the closest organs, lymph nodes and creating distant metastases.

At the time of diagnosis of the disease in most cases it is at the advanced stage and long-term survival is statistically less than 20 %.

What is the pancreas?

The pancreas is a gland located in the abdominal cavity that belongs to the digestive system and the endocrine system of glands. It creates enzymes for digestion (amylase, lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin) and hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide). Some of hormones act at the digestive system and other operating system in the entire organism.

Symptoms

Symptoms that appear in the early stage of the disease are nonspecific and are attributed to a wide range of diseases and conditions. Examples are feeling of bloating stomach after eating, feeling of discomfort in the abdomen, nausea, anorexia, weight loss and more.

Symptoms that are specific for the disease usually appear when the tumour grows. These include abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting. The primary symptom is pain in the abdomen, usually in the upper part with propagation to the back. In the course of the disease comes to weight loss and decrease in appetite. In 50-80 % of cases (depending on location) occurs jaundice of the skin and the whites of the eyes.

Alarming symptom that must indicate the patient to call the doctor 's appearance of jaundice that is not followed by the pain.

Cancer cells suppress normal cells of the pancreas and therefore its function, and therefore can develop diabetes or glucose intolerance. In certain cases can occur acute pancreatitis or deep vein thrombosis?

Risk Factors

Smoking is associated with 25-35 % of cases of chronic pancreatitis.

Chronic pancreatitis is associated with a significantly increased risk of cancer occurrence

Positive on family history

Irregular diet with high fat and protein

The risk increases with the age of the patients

Exposure to toxic pesticides, benzidine etc.

Diagnosis

Some tumour markers are elevated in other cancers. However, pancreatic cancer has no specific tumour marker.

With the progress of the disease is expected to increase the level of bilirubin and malnutrition.

Echography of the abdomen and CT are important investigations that may lead to the correct diagnosis of the disease.

ERCP allows visualisation of the opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum, through recording it with contrast to show the channel system of the pancreas channel system of the liver and biliary tract, and allows sampling to test the contents of pancreatic excreta.

Treatment

Treatment depends of the stage at which the cancer is at the time of its discovery (metastases, infiltration of surrounding tissue and other).

Therapeutic approaches are: surgical removal of the pancreas and adjacent organs if they are affected / or chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

For pain relief are used analgesics and nerve blocks.

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Sprouting of the first teeth

There is no definite indicator that show when the sprouting of the teeth of the babies starts, how long it will continue and how painful it will be for then. For a baby the sprouting of the teeth can be overnight, without any pain, but for others it can be a time of anxiety and pain. Sometimes you may have noticed the slots at the teeth that is getting out in a period of several weeks, but with some babies you may see the teeth without anything to be noticed.

The process of sprouting teeth often has hereditary influence. You should take into account the fact that if at any of the two parents the teeth sprang sooner or later, that should be expected with their child.

Usually the first teeth sprouted around the seventh month. In some cases it may be a after the third month or twelfth month.

Which teeth sprouted first and how much are in total?

Adults have 32 permanent teeth, while milk teeth are 20. By 2-3 years of age most children have all 20 milk teeth. These teeth are operational some period of time, so that at the age of 6 or 7 to fall and in their place to come the permanent teeth. Replacement of milk teeth with permanent teeth continues to 12-13 year of age. You should not forget that it is strictly individual for each child.

Here is an example of the order of sprouting of milk teeth:

Age                                                   Teeth

6-7 month central incisors

7-9 month lateral incisors

10-14 month         first molars

15-18 month fangs

2-3 years         second molars

What are the signs of sprouting teeth?

Symptoms of sprouting teeth are different for each child. Therefore, parents and doctors are on different opinions on the growth and of the pain of sprouting of the teeth. Below are some of the symptoms that might occur. Most parents agree with these symptoms, but it is recommended in case you notice something else immediately consult paediatrician or dentist.

Anxiety: Before the tooth show up, the place can be quite stiff and sensitive to pain, which contributes to the child to be very nervous. Pain and discomfort are stronger in the first sprouting of the teeth and especially the first milk molars, because of their scale. Usually after that the child already is used to the process of sprouting and the teeth themselves. It is not excluded the likelihood the child to be nervous during sprouting of any teeth. With every child is different.

Itching: After the third and fourth month you can notice as small child starts to put everything in his mouth and itch its gums. It is caused by the growth of teeth and with some babies may be more painful than others.

Increased secretion of saliva: May cause coughing in the child. It should not concern you especially if it is no sign of a cold, elevated body temperature or bad mood.

Drooling: If the child has a lot of itchy gums, can cause elevate secretion of saliva and it irritate the skin around the mouth. In order not to get to that complication collect the mucosae with a soft, clean cotton cloth over the entire day. The baby who has sprout up teeth put everything into his mouth and by biting it gets rid of the pressure on the gums.

Itching of the cheeks and ears: can be caused by pain. Mostly this symptom may be observed when molars are sprouting. Do not forget that this symptom may be an indicator of ear infection.

Diarrhoea: a symptom that indicates various conditions. From the study of a children's hospital in Australia as the reason is stated higher quantity of swallowed saliva, which affects on the stool. If parents want to be complacent they still have to consult a paediatrician. High temperature is a symptom that doctors often bind to sprouting of the teeth. If the temperature is very high and continues more than two days, immediately inform your paediatrician.

Nightmare: Pain may occur during the day, and while the child sleeps. It may be the cause of the child's waking frequently than usual. According to most parents, the child wakes up several times at night especially during the sprouting of the first two teeth and molars. Symptoms of colds, such as runny nose, cough etc., and the reason for it are stated that the child frequently put their hands in their mouths. However, consult your paediatrician about these symptoms.

How to reduce pain?

There are several ways that could help to reduce the pain. Most parents think they can help their children by giving them appropriate toys for itchy gums. They are different: rings, chains, etc. ... You can try with small plastic bottle full of cold water. Another way is to give the child a cold hard fruit pieces. If any of this does not help, consult your doctor. The process of sprouting teeth at the child will pass like many other things that are new to the baby. Try always to try new and different things to calm down your child.

Note: Before you try any of the above Always consult your paediatrician. Always do what he will say because he knows children very well and knows what is best for your child.

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Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Description

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is first detected vitamin from the B vitamins group. Vitamin B1 is an essential component of the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate, which is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Thiamin, along with other vitamins of B group, is involved in the utilisation of fats and proteins, and also keeps the heart healthy and mucous membranes. Thiamin plays a role in converting glucose into biological energy required for the proper functioning of the brain. Also, thiamine is involved in certain metabolic reactions occurring in nervous tissue, heart, formation of red blood cells and the maintenance of smooth and skeletal muscle.

Use

RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance) for a thiamin:

0.3 mg for infants under 6 months;

0.4 mg for those from 6 months to a year;

0.7 mg for children aged 1 to 3 years;

0.9 mg for children 4 to 6 years;

1.0 mg for children aged 7 to 10 years.

Needs vary slightly in terms of gender, with over 10 years:

For males from 11 to 14 years need 1.3 mg thiamine, 1.5 mg of 15 to 50 years and 1.2 mg for those aged over 50 years;

For females: 1.1 mg from 11 to 50 years and 1.0 mg for over 50 years.

RDA is slightly higher for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and is 1.5 mg and 1.6 mg respectively.

Needs also increase by 0.5 mg for every 1000 calories additional to the basic 2000 calories recommended for daily intake.

High-dose thiamine is used in the treatment of certain metabolic disorders, including enzyme deficiencies, "maple syrup urine " (MSUD) disease and Leigh disease. Thiamine can be helpful in people who have diabetic neuropathy.

Also, it is considered that thiamine may be useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, fatigue, fibromyalgia, motion sickness and aphthous ulcers in the mouth. Although thiamin deficiency causes aphthae in the mouth, taking larger amounts of thiamine after aphthae appear will not act on their faster recovery.

Preparations

Natural sources

Thiamine is present in almost all types of food from plant and animal origin, but the highest concentrations are found in nuts, brown rice, seafood and cereals. Legumes, milk, beef and pork are also rich in vitamin B1. Thiamin is destroyed after long exposure to high temperatures, but not with freezing. Food should be cooked with a small amount of water, so that you won't lose the vitamins that are soluble in water, along with thiamine. Drinking Tea or alcohol while eating reduces the amount of thiamine that is absorbed by the body.

Supplement

Thiamine has the form for oral, intravenous and intramuscular use. With thiamine injections are usually used for patients who have severe deficiency of thiamine. Supplements should always be stored in a cold, dry place away from the reach of children.

Deficiency of thiamine

Thiamine deficiency leads to a condition known as beri-beri, which was once common among sailors, and in today is rare. Beri-beri can be found the most in camps and shelters for refugees and in Asia is a major cause of death among babies. The syndrome usually includes loss of appetite, constipation, weakness, abdominal pain, swelling of the extremities, muscle spasms, insomnia and loss of memory.

With treatment the situation improves immediately, and if left untreated leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Such patients are confused, disoriented, have trouble with speech and gait, limb edema, parenthesis, nausea, vomiting and vision problems, and if the situation continues there is psychosis, coma and death. This condition, even in advanced stages can improve if given thiamine, improve diet and stop using alcohol.

The main risk factor for development of thiamine deficiency is alcoholism. Overall, alcoholics eat little and have a low intake of thiamine, and other vitamins. Alcohol directly affects and destroys thiamine, while also increasing its excretion.

People with liver cirrhosis, diabetes, kidney disease, chronic infections or hyper metabolic states also have an increased risk for thiamine deficiency. Older people who have poor nutritional status, and problems with absorption need supplements. Other people with inadequate diets, increased stress, illness or surgery can also benefit from supplements of thiamine. The use of cigarettes, carbonate and citrate as additives in foods can reduce the absorption of thiamine.

A lack of vitamin B1 is often fallowed by the lack of other B vitamins, and other nutrients. Therefore it is best to take supplements containing B complex.

Precautions and Side Effects

Thiamine should not be given to someone who is allergic to B vitamins, which rarely occurs.

In very unusual circumstances, high doses of thiamine can cause rash, itching or swelling. These reactions are more common in receiving intravenous thiamine. Most people have no adverse effects with oral use of thiamine.

Interactions

Oral contraceptives, antibiotics and certain groups of diuretics may decrease concentrations of thiamine in the body. Taking this vitamin can intensify the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents used during some surgical procedures.

The best way to consume B vitamins is as a complex, and magnesium improves the absorption of thiamine.

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